Start here
36 systems · 36 components · 27 concepts
How are large systems built?
Interactive architectures for YouTube, Uber, Amazon and more — switch between AWS, Google Cloud, Azure and open-source tools, and follow every request hop by hop.
Create a short link · 1/6The creator submits a long URL.
What you can do
Switch clouds
Relabel every component for AWS, Google Cloud, Azure or open source in one click.
Play walkthroughs
Follow a request hop by hop — upload a video, book a seat, pay a merchant.
Inspect components
Every building block with its options per provider, pitfalls and where it's used.
Learn the patterns
Caching, sharding, fan-out, sagas, idempotency — explained and linked to real designs.
Learning paths
Each path builds on the patterns from the one before. Progress is saved in this browser.
Intermediate
Real-time systems
Advanced
Media at scale
Advanced
Money & bookings
All systems
36 of 36 systems
Media & Social
YouTube
Global video upload, transcode, and streaming
Adaptive bitrate streamingPre-signed uploadsBack-pressure & queues+4Advanced16 components · 3 walkthroughsMedia & Social
Netflix
Global video streaming with microservices
Adaptive bitrate streamingCachingMulti-region deployment+3Advanced18 components · 3 walkthroughsMedia & Social
Instagram
Photo/video sharing with social graph feeds
Fan-out (push vs pull feeds)Pre-signed uploadsCaching+4Intermediate19 components · 3 walkthroughsMedia & Social
Twitter / X
Short posts, follow graph and real-time home timelines
Fan-out (push vs pull feeds)Unique ID generationCaching+3Advanced17 components · 2 walkthroughsMedia & Social
WhatsApp / Messenger
Billions of real-time messages per day
WebSockets & real-time pushConsistent hashingSharding (partitioning)+3Intermediate14 components · 2 walkthroughsMobility & Logistics
Uber
Real-time ride matching at global scale
Geospatial indexingWebSockets & real-time pushDistributed locks & holds+3Advanced17 components · 3 walkthroughsCommerce & Fintech
Amazon
High-traffic e-commerce marketplace
Saga patternIdempotencyDistributed locks & holds+5Advanced23 components · 3 walkthroughsCommerce & Fintech
Payment gateway
Stripe-style card payments with an exactly-once ledger
IdempotencyDouble-entry ledgerEvent-driven architecture+2Advanced16 components · 3 walkthroughsBuilding Blocks
URL shortener
Short links with billions of redirects
Unique ID generationCachingSharding (partitioning)+2Beginner12 components · 2 walkthroughsBuilding Blocks
API rate limiter
Fair-use limits checked on every request in under a millisecond
Rate limitingConsistent hashingCaching+1Intermediate10 components · 2 walkthroughsBuilding Blocks
Search autocomplete
Suggestions on every keystroke in under 100 ms
Tries & prefix searchCachingSharding (partitioning)+2Intermediate11 components · 2 walkthroughsBuilding Blocks
Web crawler
Fetch billions of pages politely and without repeats
Bloom filtersBack-pressure & queuesConsistent hashing+2Advanced12 components · 1 walkthroughsBuilding Blocks
Pastebin
Share text snippets by short link
Unique ID generationCachingSharding (partitioning)+1Beginner9 components · 2 walkthroughsBuilding Blocks
Dropbox
File sync across every device
Pre-signed uploadsWebSockets & real-time pushSharding (partitioning)+3Intermediate9 components · 1 walkthroughsMobility & Logistics
Google Maps
Map tiles, place search, routing and live traffic
Geospatial indexingCachingSharding (partitioning)+2Advanced14 components · 3 walkthroughsBuilding Blocks
WebSockets at scale
Millions of live connections with Go on Kubernetes
WebSockets & real-time pushConsistent hashingBack-pressure & queues+2Advanced12 components · 2 walkthroughsBuilding Blocks
Video calling (WebRTC)
1:1 and group calls with signalling, TURN and SFUs
WebRTC callingWebSockets & real-time pushMulti-region deployment+1Advanced11 components · 2 walkthroughsBookings & Marketplaces
BookMyShow
Movie and event tickets with live seat selection
Distributed locks & holdsIdempotencyCaching+2Intermediate16 components · 1 walkthroughsBookings & Marketplaces
MakeMyTrip
Flights and hotels aggregated from many suppliers
Saga patternCachingIdempotency+2Advanced14 components · 2 walkthroughsBookings & Marketplaces
Airline reservations
Flights, seats, bookings and check-in for one airline
Distributed locks & holdsIdempotencyEvent-driven architecture+1Intermediate16 components · 2 walkthroughsBookings & Marketplaces
Airbnb
Search, book and message for vacation rentals
Geospatial indexingSearch indexingDistributed locks & holds+3Advanced17 components · 2 walkthroughsBookings & Marketplaces
NoBroker
Broker-free property rentals and sales
Search indexingGeospatial indexingPre-signed uploads+2Intermediate16 components · 2 walkthroughsBookings & Marketplaces
Meeting scheduler
Find a time, book a room, invite everyone
Distributed locks & holdsCachingEvent-driven architecture+1Beginner12 components · 1 walkthroughsMobility & Logistics
Car rental
Reserve a car by class, pick up, drive, return
Distributed locks & holdsIdempotencyCaching+1Intermediate15 components · 2 walkthroughsMobility & Logistics
Zomato / food delivery
Restaurant discovery, ordering and live delivery tracking
Geospatial indexingWebSockets & real-time pushEvent-driven architecture+3Advanced18 components · 2 walkthroughsBookings & Marketplaces
Urban Company
Book vetted professionals for home services
Distributed locks & holdsGeospatial indexingIdempotency+1Intermediate14 components · 1 walkthroughsMobility & Logistics
Porter / goods delivery
Book a truck or bike to move goods across the city
Geospatial indexingWebSockets & real-time pushEvent-driven architecture+1Intermediate16 components · 1 walkthroughsMobility & Logistics
Driver booking & fleet management
Hire a driver for your car, and run fleets of drivers and vehicles
Geospatial indexingWebSockets & real-time pushEvent-driven architecture+1Intermediate16 components · 2 walkthroughsBookings & Marketplaces
Practo / teleconsultation
Find doctors, book appointments, consult over video
WebRTC callingDistributed locks & holdsWebSockets & real-time push+3Intermediate17 components · 2 walkthroughsBookings & Marketplaces
AstroTalk
Pay-per-minute chat and calls with astrologers
WebSockets & real-time pushDouble-entry ledgerIdempotency+2Intermediate16 components · 1 walkthroughsMedia & Social
Quora
Questions, answers, votes and a personalised feed
Fan-out (push vs pull feeds)Search indexingCaching+2Intermediate16 components · 2 walkthroughsMedia & Social
LinkedIn
Profiles, connections, feed, messaging and jobs
Fan-out (push vs pull feeds)Search indexingSharding (partitioning)+2Advanced17 components · 2 walkthroughsCommerce & Fintech
Buy now, pay later
Instant credit at checkout, repaid later
Double-entry ledgerIdempotencyEvent-driven architecture+2Advanced15 components · 2 walkthroughsCommerce & Fintech
Stock brokerage
Live quotes, order placement and portfolios
WebSockets & real-time pushDouble-entry ledgerIdempotency+2Advanced15 components · 2 walkthroughsMedia & Social
Live sports scores
Real-time scores, commentary and alerts for millions
WebSockets & real-time pushEvent-driven architectureCaching+2Intermediate13 components · 1 walkthroughsBuilding Blocks
Redis Cluster
Distributed in-memory data store
CachingSharding (partitioning)Consistent hashing+2Intermediate10 components · 2 walkthroughs